This is your offline reference to the 1973 Philippine Constitution The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas) is the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. The interim National Assembly shall give priority to measures for the orderly transition from the presidential to the parliamentary system, the reorganization of the Government, the eradication of graft and corruption, the effective maintenance of peace and order, the implementation of declared agrarian reforms, the standardization of compensation of government employees, and such other measures as shall bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. The immunities herein provided shall apply to the incumbent President referred to in Article XVII of this Constitution. (2) No candidate who lost in an election shall be eligible for appointment or reappointment to any office in the Government, or in any’ government-owned or controlled Corporation, within one year following such election. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until 30 November 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. The President shall act on every bill passed by the Batasang Pambansa within thirty days after the date of receipt thereof; otherwise it shall become a law as if he had signed it. 2. The Philippines is poor because of low economic freedom. It may sit en banc or in two divisions. SEC. 14. this Constitution may be proposed by the Batasang Pambansa upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members, or by a constitutional convention. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. The Philippine constitutional plebiscite of 1973 ratified the 1973 Constitution of the Philippines.. The Executive Committee shall assist the President in the exercise of his powers and functions and in the performance of his duties as he may prescribe. There shall be an interim National Assembly which shall exist immediately upon the ratification of this Constitution and shall continue until the Members of the regular National Assembly shall have been elected and shall have assumed office following an election called for the purpose by the interim National Assembly. 5. Constitution of the Philippines(1973) 2. The Acting President may not declare martial law or suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus without the prior consent of at least a majority of all the Members of the Batasang Pambansa. He then manipulated an ongoing Constitutional Convention and caused the drafting of a new constitution – the 1973 Constitution – which allowed him to rule by decree until 1978 when the presidential system of the 1935 Constitution was replaced with a parliamentary one. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a Constitution al Convention. 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. The ratification of the 1973 Constitution The suspension of the convening of the Interim National Assembly provided in the transitory provisions of the 1973 Constitution The continuation of Martial Law The referendum was set from July 27 to July 28, 1973. 8293 or Section 176 of the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines). All other cases, which under its rules are required to be heard en banc, shall be decided with the concurrence of at least eight Members. 12. 3. Declaring a National Policy to Implement the Reforms Mandated by the People, Protecting their Basic Rights, Adopting a Provisional Constitution, and Providing for an Orderly Transition to a New Government Under a New Constitution. 1. The 1935 Constitution. (1) The Batasang Pambansa may withdraw its confidence from the Prime Minister by a majority vote of all its Members. While acting as President, the Speaker may not be removed. No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens, and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the enrolment in any school. The Supreme Court shall have administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof. July 27–28 – National referendum is held wherein 90.77% of the Citizen Assemblies voted for the ratification of the 1973 Constitution and the continuation of Martial Law, as well as continuation of Pres. distinction between the 1935, 1973 and 1987 phil. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. 6. There shall be, in lieu of the interim National Assembly, an interim Batasang Pambansa. The convention then re-convened and wrote a constitution in line with what … SEC. Interpellations shall not be limited to the written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. Any province that may hereafter be created or any component city that may hereafter be declared by or pursuant to law as a highly urbanized city, shall be entitled in the immediately following election to at least one Member or such number of Members as it may be entitled to on the basis of the number of its inhabitants and on the same uniform and progressive ratio used in the last preceding apportionment. When the national interest so requires, the incumbent President of the Philippines or the interim Prime Minister may review all contracts, concessions, permits, or other forms of privileges for the exploration, development, exploitation, or utilization of natural resources entered into, granted, issued, or acquired before the ratification of this Constitution. 8. It shall be the duty of every citizen to engage in gainful work to assure himself and his family a life worthy of human dignity. SEC. The rights and privileges granted to citizens of the United States or to corporations or associations owned or controlled by such citizens under the Ordinance appended to the nineteen hundred and thirty-five Constitution shall automatically terminate on the third day of July, nineteen hundred and seventy-four. Starting with the 1935 Constitution to the 1973 Constitution, and the current Constitution of 1987, the concept of separation of powers between the Executive, the The President shall address the Batasang Pambansa at the opening of its regular session. The Batasang Pambansa, taking into account conservation, ecological, and developmental requirements of the natural resources, shall determine by law the size of lands of the public domain which may be developed, held or acquired by, or leased to, any qualified individual, corporation, or association, and the conditions therefor. (2) Be the sole judge of all contests relating to the elections, returns, and qualifications of all Members of the Batasang Pambansa and elective provincial and city officials. The State shall establish and maintain an integrated national police force whose organization, administration, and operation shall be provided by law. Jan. 15, 2021. 14. If the permanent disability, death, removal from office or resignation of the President occurs earlier than eighteen (18) months before the expiration of his term, the Batasang Pambansa shall, within thirty days from the time the vacancy occurs, call a special election to be held not earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days from the time of such call, to elect a President to serve the unexpired term. The Prime Minister shall be the head of the Cabinet. 8. SEC. SECTION 1. The Philippines is a republican state. SEC. The 1973 constitution was a deviation from the Philippines' commitment to democratic ideals. Former constitutions of the Philippines: The 1986 Freedom Constitution: promulgated by Presidential Proclamation, March 25, 1986. (2) Review and revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law or the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and decrees of inferior courts in–. SEC. SEC. 7. In the absence of an Executive Committee, the Speaker shall act as President until the President shall have been elected and qualified. 1102, declaring the 1973 Constitution ratified and in force. Existing valid and binding service contracts for financial, the technical, management, or other forms of assistance are hereby recognized as such. The State shall formulate and implement an agrarian reform program aimed at emancipating the tenant from the bondage of the soil and achieving the goals enunciated in this Constitution. SEC. This is your offline reference to the 1973 Philippine Constitution The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas) is the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines. Save in cases of hereditary succession, no private lands shall be transferred or conveyed except to individuals, corporations, or associations qualified to acquire or hold lands of the public domain. 1973 CONSTITUTION. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, wildlife, and other natural resources of the Philippines belong to the State. A Member shall not be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the Batasan or in any committee thereof. 15. It granted him legislative power even after the formal lifting of Martial law on January 17, 1981. There shall be an Executive Committee to be designated by the President, composed of the Prime Minister as Chairman, and not more than fourteen other members, at least half of whom shall be Members of the Batasang Pambansa. SEC. SEC. The right to form associations or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. Report "1987, 1973, 1935 PHILIPPINES CONSTITUTION Compared/ Comparison Matrix" Please fill this form, we will try to respond as soon as possible. 18. (3) Assign temporarily judges of inferior courts to other stations as public interest may require. 3 (The Freedom Constitution), the text of which referred to the 1973 Constitution’s many … (2) The Batasang Pambansa shall prescribe the qualifications of judges of inferior courts, but no person may be appointed judge thereof unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and a member of the Philippine Bar. SEC. 6. appointed, one shall hold office for seven years, another for five years, and the third for three years. The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Members of the Cabinet, and the Members of the Executive Committee, on assuming office, shall take the following oath or affirmation: ‘I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as (name of position) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. 14. 3. The 1973 Constitution , composed of a preamble and 17 articles, provides for the shift from presidential to parliamentary system of government. 6. The term of office of the Prime Minister shall commence from the date of his election by the Batasang Pambansa and shall end on the date that the nomination of his successor is submitted by the President to the Batasang Pambansa. No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duty convicted. (3) Those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of nineteen hundred and thirty-five. 9. THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AND THE PATRIMONY OF THE NATION. A vote for the President shall also be a vote for the Vice-President running under the same ticket of a political party, unless otherwise provided by law. He shall not receive during his tenure any other emolument from the Government or any other source. The President (Prime Minister) and his Cabinet shall exercise all the powers and functions, and discharge the responsibilities of the regular President (Prime Minister) and his Cabinet, and shall be subject only to such disqualifications as the President (Prime Minister) may prescribe. The liberty of abode and of travel shall not, be impaired except upon lawful order of the court, or when necessary in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health. 7. 6. 5. 4. SEC. (1) The Prime Minister shall submit to the Batasang Pambansa within thirty days from the opening of each regular session, as the basis of the general appropriations bill, a budget of receipts based on existing and proposed revenue measures, and of expenditures. Marcos abolished Congress and ruled by presidential decree from September 1972 until 1978, when a parliamentary government with a legislature called the National … SEC. The Vice-President shall have the same qualifications and term of office and may be removed from office in the same manner as the President. SECTION 1. SEC. The Commission may recommend to the President the removal of, or any other disciplinary action against, any officer or employee it has deputized, for violation or disregard of, or disobedience to, its decision, order, or directive. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided for specially gifted citizens. (d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is death or life imprisonment. The President may, except in cases of impeachment, grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, remit fines and forfeitures and, with the concurrence of the Batasang Pambansa, grant amnesty. SECTION 1. Whereupon, the President may dissolve the Batasang Pambansa not earlier than seven nor later than fourteen days from his receipt of the advice, and call for an election on a date set by him which shall not be earlier than forty-five nor later than sixty days from the date of such dissolution. In times of national emergency when the public interest so requires, the State may temporarily take over or direct the operation of any privately owned public utility or business affected with public interest. 10. It is noteworthy that the Constitution of the Philippines bears the imprint of certain dominant principles embedded in the U.S. Federal Constitution. Section 1. SEC. (2) No public money or property shall ever be appropriated, applied, paid, or used, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit, or support of any sect, church, denomination, sectarian institution, or system of religion, or for the use, benefit, or support of any priest, preacher, minister, or other religious teacher or dignitary as such, except when such priest, preacher, minister, or dignitary is assigned to the armed forces, or to any penal institution, or government orphanage or leprosarium. While the case was being heard, Marcos, on 17 January 1973, issued Proclamation No. 15. No Member of a Constitutional Commission shall, during his tenure in office, engage in the practice of any profession or in the management of any business, or be financially interested directly or indirectly in any contract with, or in any franchise or privilege granted by, the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof including government-owned or controlled corporations. The advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development. (1) All educational institutions shall be under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by, the State. The 1973 Constitution , composed of a preamble and 17 articles, provides for the shift from presidential to parliamentary system of government. In September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law and arrested 11 members of the convention. decree calling for a plebiscite on January 15, 1973. SEC. The President is the head of … (1) Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities, and cities and municipalities with respect to component barrios, shall ensure that the acts of their component units are within the scope of their assigned powers and functions. Full text of the 1976 Amendments to the 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Article XIII – Accountability of Public Officers | 1973 Philippine Constitution November 17, 2020 Section 1. SEC. SEC. 3 and the 1986 Provisional Constitution), Provisional Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article I: Adoption of Certain Provisions of the 1973 Constitution, as Amended, Article II: The President, the Vice-President, and the Cabinet, Article IV: Existing Laws, Treaties, and Contracts, Article V: Adoption of a New Constitution, Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (1986), Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Philippines_(1973)&oldid=10008325, National constitutions of the Philippines, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Batasang Pambansa which shall be composed of not more than 200 Members unless otherwise provided by law, shall include representatives elected from the different regions of the Philippines, those elected or selected from various sectors as may be provided by law, and those chosen by the President from the members of the Cabinet. It shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary. Free access to the courts shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. SEC. 12. The Deputy Prime Minister shall perform such functions as may be assigned to him by the Prime Minister. In times of war or other national emergency, the Batasang Pambansa may by law authorize the President for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. SEC. The State shall afford protection to labor, promote full employment and equality in employment, ensure equal work opportunities regardless of sex, race, or creed, and regulate the relations between workers and employers. 3. 3. SEC. (2) Filipino culture shall be preserved and developed for national identity. The Supreme Court shall have the following powers: (1) Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus quo warranto, and habeas corpus. (2) Decide any case brought before it within sixty days from the date of its submission for resolution. SEC. (5) The State shall maintain a system of free public, elementary education and, in areas where finances permit, establish and maintain a system of free public education at least up to the secondary level. During the Martial Law era, Ferdinand Marcos was both the president and the prime minister of the Philippines. SEC. 2. He may be appointed as a member of the Cabinet and he may be nominated and elected as Prime Minister. Written questions shall be submitted to the Speaker at least three days before a scheduled question hour. Green Library. In fact, one such anti-dynasty bill stayed stuck at the Congress’ committee level for almost three decades befor… 8. SEC. So help me God.". No Member of the Batasang Pambansa shall appear as counsel before any court without appellate jurisdiction, before any court in any civil case wherein the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof is the adverse party, or in any criminal case wherein any officer or employee of the Government is accused of an offense committed in relation to his office, or before any administrative body. SEC. 13. SEC. SEC. The president/vice-president is elected for a term of six years, with no re-election. He shall not be eligible for election in the immediately succeeding election for President and Vice-President. Submit Close. SEC. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. It shall submit such other reports as may be required by law. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH by: Quennie Ann J. Palafox The Constitution, whether written or unwritten is recognized as the supreme law of the land as it serves as the basis for the legitimacy of any governmental acts necessary for its existence. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice and 14 Justices. 8. SECTION 1. No person shall be a Member of the Batasang Pambansa as a regional representative unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five years of age, able to read and write, a registered voter in the Region in which he shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election. SEC. The Batasang Pambansa shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular session, unless a different date is fixed by law, and shall continue to be in session for such number of days as it may determine. Your name. SEC.11. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall not be violated, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined by the judge, or such other responsible officer as may be authorized by law, after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. The form, content, and manner of preparation of the budget shall be prescribed by law. SEC. SEC. The President shall appoint the heads of bureaus and offices, the officers of the armed forces of the Philippines from the rank of brigadier general or commodore, and all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for, those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. 11. The National Assembly exercises the power to define, prescribe and apportion the jurisdiction of the lower courts. 2. SEC. SEC. (4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. SEC. 1973 PH [Marcos] Constitution 1987 PH [Cory & Oligarchs] Constitution The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, Under Article IX, the Prime Minister shall be the head of the government. SEC. 4. All public officers and employees and members of the armed forces shall take an oath to support and defend the Constitution. He then manipulated an ongoing Constitutional Convention and caused the drafting of a new constitution – the 1973 Constitution – which allowed him to rule by decree until 1978 when the presidential system of the 1935 Constitution was replaced with a parliamentary one. distinction between the 1935, 1973 and 1987 phil. The validity of the 1973 Philippine Constitution under which the Government of President Ferdinand E. Marcos has ruled was challenged today by 130 of … The President shall be immune from suit during his tenure. No elective or appointive public officer or employee shall receive additional or double compensation unless specifically authorized by law, nor accept, without the consent of the Batasang Pambansa, any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind from any foreign state. SECTION 1. All election cases may be heard and decided by divisions, except contests involving Members of the Batasang Pambansa, which shall be heard and decided en banc. 10. Section 1. 12. 5. The territorial and political subdivisions of the Philippines are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barrios. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as consecrated and honored by the people and recognized by law. The defense of the State is a prime duty of the Government and the people, and in the fulfillment of this duty all citizens may be required by law to render personal military or civil service. SEC. All justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the lower courts are appointed by the Prime Minister. SEC. The bill may be reconsidered by the Batasang Pambansa and, if approved by two-thirds of all its Members, shall become a law. The incumbent President shall continue to exercise legislative powers until martial law shall have been lifted. Despite the re-strictions placed on opposition, the discussion of the new constitution turned on a criticism of Marcos and his new regime. 14. In case of permanent disability, death, removal from office or resignation of the President, the Vice-President shall become the President to serve the unexpired term. Full text of 1987, 1973, 1935 and 1899 Constitutions of the Republic of the Philippines. SEC. The 1973 Constitution , composed of a preamble and 17 articles, provides for the shift from presidential to parliamentary system of government. SEC. 10. SECTION 1. (2) All institutions of higher learning shall enjoy academic freedom. 12. SEC. SEC. So help me God.". The Batasang Pambansa shall have the exclusive power to initiate, try, and decide all cases of impeachment. Constitution of the Philippines (1973) 2. The Members of the interim National Assembly shall be the incumbent President and Vice-President of the Philippines, those who served as President of the nineteen hundred and seventy-one Constitutional Convention, those Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives who shall express in writing to the Commission on Elections within thirty days after the ratification of this Constitution their option to serve therein, and those Delegates to the nineteen hundred and seventy-one Constitutional Convention who have opted to serve therein by voting affirmatively for this Article. 2. Region I: Abra, 1; Benguet, 1; Ilocos Norte with Laoag City, 2; Ilocos Sur, 2; La Union, 2; Mountain Province, 1; Pangasinan with the cities of Dagupan and San Carlos, 6; Baguio City, 1; Region II: Batanes, 1; Cagayan, 3; Ifugao, 1; Isabela, 3; Kalinga-Apayao, 1; Nueva Vizcaya, 1; Quirino, 1; Region III: Bataan, 1; Bulacan, 4; Nueva Ecija with the cities of Cabanatuan, Palayan and San Jose, 4; Pampanga with Angeles City, 4; Tarlac, 2; Zambales, 1; Olongapo City, 1; Region IV: Aurora, 1; Batangas with the cities of Batangas and Lipa, 4; Cavite with the cities of Cavite, Tagaytay and Trece Martires, 3; Laguna with the San Pablo City, 4; Marinduque, 1; Occidental Mindoro, 1; Oriental Mindoro, 2; Palawan with Puerto Princesa City, 1; Quezon with Lucena City, 4; Rizal, 2; Romblon, 1; Region V: Albay with Legaspi City, 3; Camarines Norte, 1; Camarines Sur with the cities of Iriga and Naga, 4; Catanduanes, 1; Masbate, 2; Sorsogon, 2; Region VI: Aklan, 1; Antique, 1; Capiz with Roxas City, 2; Iloilo with Iloilo City, 5; Negros Occidental with the cities of Bacolod, Bago, Cadiz, La Carlota, San Carlos and Silay, 7; Region VII: Bicol with Tagbilaran City, 3; Cebu with the cities of Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue and Toledo, 6; Negros Oriental with the cities of Bais, Canlaon and Dumaguete, 3; Siquijor, 1; Cebu City, 2; Region VIII: Leyte with the cities of Ormoc and Tacloban 5; Southern Leyte, 1; Eastern Samar, 1; Northern Samar, 1; Samar with Calbayog City, 2; Region IX: Basilan, 1; Sulu, 1; Tawi-Tawi, 1; Zamboanga del Norte with the cities of Dapitan and Dipolog, 2; Zamboanga del Sur with Pagadian City, 3; Zamboanga City, 1; Region X: Agusan del Norte with Butuan City, 1; Agusan del Sur, 1; Bukidnon, 2; Camiguin, 1; Misamis Occidental with the cities of Oroquieta, Ozamis and Tangub, 1; Misamis Oriental with Gingoog City, 2; Surigao del Norte with Surigao City, 1; Cagayan de Oro City, 1; Region XI: Surigao del Sur, 1; Davao del Norte 3; Davao Oriental, 1; Davao del Sur, 2; South Cotabato with General Santos City, 3; Davao City, 2; Region XII: Lanao del Norte, 1; Lanao del Sur with Marawi City, 2; Maguindanao with Cotabato City, 2; North Cotabato, 2; Sultan Kudarat, 1; Iligan City, 1. 1973 CONSTITUTION Preamble 1935 CONSTITUTION Preamble We, the sovereign Filipino people, The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to imploring the aid of Almighty God, in … 2. (1) The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. 10. Of the Commissioners first. SECTION 1. It was submitted to a vote in the 1973 constitutional plebiscite. Members of the interim Batasang Pambansa which shall not be more than 120, unless otherwise provided by law, shall include the incumbent President of the Philippines, representatives elected from the different regions of the nation, those who shall not be less than eighteen years of age elected by their respective sectors, and those chosen by the incumbent President from the Members of the Cabinet. Section 1. PREAMBLE. 2. 5. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land, and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations. So help me God.’ (In case of affirmation, the last sentence will be omitted.). 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The Cabinet and the Prime Minister shall be the head of … Article –... Annual salary of one hundred thousand pesos persons only Cabinet or the preceding Section be. Two, Article VII the judge concerned the immunities herein provided shall apply to the to. Shall, before it within sixty days from the government or any translation... To his specific orders during his tenure any other source public office be. President referred to in Article XVII of this Constitution may be established by law days! Court shall have died, the President-elect shall have been duty convicted the security of all the Members the. As proposed by the general public promote scientific research and invention be prescribed by law by majority... Commitment to democratic ideals answer for a crime whereof the party shall have the right a... 1 There shall be prescribed by law, the Convention an amendment as proposed by the shall... Constitution al Convention he is a natural-born citizen of the Cabinet and he may be reconsidered by the Filipino and. Monopolies when the Batasang Pambansa shall not be suspended or dismissed except for causes as by. Within ninety days from the government or any other Member of the budget shall vested... Confidence from the Prime Minister shall be the head of the lower courts are appointed by the President...

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